关注社会:中国有望成为全球最大黄金市场

之之

India has for decades been the world's largest gold market, but in the final quarter of 2011 demand tumbled by almost half from a year earlier as a collapse in the value of the rupee made gold more expensive for Indian buyers.
几十年来，印度一直是全球最大的黄金市场，但去年第四季度印度黄金需求同比下降近一半，主要原因是卢比贬值，导致黄金对印度买家来说变得更为昂贵。
"It is likely that China will emerge as the largest gold market in the world for the first time in 2012," said Marcus Grubb, managing director for investment at the WGC, a lobby group for the gold mining industry.
“2012年，中国很可能会首次成为世界最大的黄金市场。”世界黄金协会投资部董事总经理郭博思(Marcus Grubb)表示。该协会是黄金开采行业的游说组织。
Thursday's prediction comes after a surge in Chinese gold demand last year, with imports from Hong Kong — a proxy for overall import demand — more than tripling from 2010. In the second half of the year, as Indian demand waned, China edged ahead as the world's top consumer, according to data from GFMS, the consultancy, that were published by the WGC on Thursday.
去年中国内地的黄金需求大幅增长，从香港进口的黄金数量（总体进口需求的晴雨表）比2010年增长两倍以上。根据咨询机构——黄金矿业服务有限公司(GFMS)的数据，去年下半年，随着印度黄金需求减弱，中国一跃成为全球最大的黄金消费国。这些数据由世界黄金协会在周四发布。
China has become an increasingly important driver of the gold price, with large purchases propping up prices late last year as western investors were selling.
中国已成为左右金价的一大因素，重要性日益上升。去年底，在西方投资者纷纷减持之际，来自中国的大量买盘对金价形成了支撑。
On Wednesday night, gold was trading at $1,726 a troy ounce, up 13.5 per cent from a late December low but still 10 per cent below the nominal record high of $1,920 set in September. Paulson and Co, one of the largest hedge fund investors in gold, revealed in a regulatory filing this week that it had sold 45 per cent of its holdings of gold exchange-traded funds in the second half of the year.
周三晚，金价报每盎司1726美元，较去年12月底的低位高出13.5%，但仍比去年9月创下的名义历史新高每盎司1920美元低10%。对冲基金中最大的黄金投资者之一保尔森公司(Paulson and Co)在本周提交监管部门的材料中披露，该公司去年下半年减持了45%的黄金ETF（交易所交易基金）。
Mr Grubb predicted that Chinese consumption would rise this year at pace similar to the 20 per cent increase in 2011. That implies jewellery and investment demand of about 925 tonnes in 2012. On the other hand, he said Indian demand could fall from its level of 933 tonnes in 2011.
郭博思预计，今年中国黄金消费量的增幅将与去年相当。去年增幅为20%。以此计算，2012年中国金饰和黄金投资需求将达925吨左右。另一方面，他表示，今年印度黄金需求可能低于2011年933吨的水平。
"The dynamic in those two economies is radically different," he said. "There might be more challenges to the Indian market [than the Chinese market] in the next 12 months."
郭博思表示：“这两个经济体的动态截然不同。在未来12个月内，印度市场面临的挑战可能（比中国市场）更多。”
Indian economic growth has slowed, with the government recently cutting its forecast for growth in this fiscal year ending in March to 7 per cent, having steadily pared back previous projections of nearly 9 per cent.
印度经济增长已经放缓，政府最近调低了对截至3月份的这一财年的经济增长预测，经过几番下调，这一预测数字已从最早的近9%下调为7%。
"You've effectively seen foreign direct investment dry up in India," Mr Grubb said. "That feeds down into the economy with slowing growth and less liquidity available. That really impacts the rupee, and gold looks horribly expensive to local consumers."
郭博思表示：“你可以看到，印度外来直接投资已几近枯竭，这对经济产生了影响，导致增长放缓、流动性减少。这实际上对卢比汇率造成了冲击，在本地消费者眼里，现在黄金看起来非常贵。”
In China, on the other hand, Mr Grubb predicted further strength as both growth and inflation remain relatively high, driving local consumers to invest in bullion to protect their wealth. Savers have poured their money into gold because of the lack of alternative investment options in China, were bank deposits carry negative real interest rates and property prices have been sliding.
另一方面，郭博思预计中国黄金需求将进一步走强，因为国内经济增长仍然较为强劲，通胀水平仍然较高，这会促使中国消费者投资黄金，以达到财富保值的目的。在中国，由于银行存款实际利率为负、房价持续下滑，而此外又没有多少投资途径，所以储户们纷纷把资金投在黄金上。
Chinese gold consumption has already risen by 140 per cent between 2007 and 2011, as growing wealth and the liberalisation of the domestic gold market drive a surge in consumption. Beijing has encouraged gold consumption, announcing in August 2010 measures to promote and regulate the local gold market, including expanding the number of banks allowed to import bullion.
从2007年到2011年期间，中国黄金消费量增长了140%，财富的增长和国内黄金市场的放开带动了黄金消费的增长。中国政府鼓励黄金消费，于2010年8月出台了一些促进和监管本地黄金市场发展的措施，包括允许更多银行从事黄金进口业务。
Elsewhere last year, demand for gold in Europe surged as investors fretted about the worsening eurozone debt crisis. European investment in coins and bars rose 26 per cent to 375 tonnes, the WGC said, making the region the largest market for physical gold investment products.
在其他地区中，欧洲黄金需求大幅上升，原因是投资者对持续恶化的欧债危机感到不安。世界黄金协会表示，去年欧洲在金币和金条上的投资增长了26%，达375吨，使该地区成为实物黄金投资产品的最大市场。
Additional reporting by Leslie Hook in Beijing
何丽(Leslie Hook)北京补充报道

之之

奥巴马就苹果创始人乔布斯去世发表的声明时间:2011-10-08 10:26来源:口译网 作者:口译网 点击:5184次Statement by U.S. President Obama on the Passing of Apple Chief Steve Jobs
October 5, 2011


美国总统奥巴马就“苹果”创始人史蒂夫·乔布斯去世发表声明
2011年10月5日


Michelle and I are saddened to learn of the passing of Steve Jobs. Steve was among the greatest of American innovators — brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it.


得知乔布斯去世的消息，我和米歇尔感到非常悲痛。乔布斯是美国最伟大的创新者之一，他敢于与众不同地思考，大胆地相信自己能够改变世界，并拥有足够的才智做到这一点。


By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit of American ingenuity.  By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy to millions of children and grownups alike. Steve was fond of saying that he lived every day like it was his last.  Because he did, he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world.


他在自己的车库里创建起全世界最成功的公司之一，展示了美国的独创精神。他开创了个人电脑时代并将因特网放进我们的口袋，信息革命也因此而来到人们的身边，并变得直观而有趣。他还把自己的才华用在讲故事上，把快乐带给了数以百万计的儿童和成年人。乔布斯喜欢说自己把每天都当做最后一天来过。因为他这样做了，他就此改变了我们的生活，重新定义了整个行业，并创造了人类历史上最罕见的奇迹之一：他改变了我们每个人观察世界的方式。


The world has lost a visionary. And there may be no greater tribute to Steve’s success than the fact that much of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented. Michelle and I send our thoughts and prayers to Steve’s wife Laurene, his family, and all those who loved him.


世界失去了一位有远见的人。乔布斯的成功所赢得的崇高敬意莫过于这样一个事实：世界上许多人是通过他发明的产品得知他辞世的消息的。我和米歇尔向乔布斯的妻子劳伦、他的家人以及所有爱他的人送上我们的哀思与祈祷。

之之

Renren is getting defriended. Since it listed in New York last May, the Chinese social networking site's shares have fallen by almost two-thirds. This week, it braced investors for operating losses of $15m to $17m in the fourth quarter, almost triple its third-quarter loss. The company will also take a $3m writedown on an acquisition made before listing. All unfriendly news for investors in probably the biggest social network site in the world's biggest internet market, where Facebook is blocked.

人人网(Renren)正在受到冷落。自去年5月在纽约上市以来，这家中国社交网站的股价已跌去近三分之二。上周，人人网让投资者绷紧了神经，因为其业绩报告显示去年第四季度的运营亏损达1500万至1700万美元，几乎是第三季度亏损的三倍。人人网还将对上市前完成的一起收购做300万美元的减记处理。对这家可能是全球最大互联网市场中最大的社交网站的投资者来说，这些都是不利的消息。Facebook在中国市场受到屏蔽。

In some ways Renren resembles Facebook. The group's founder and chief executive, Joseph Chen, started out targeting university students whom he hoped would be the most appealing demographic to advertisers. But Renren faces some problems unique to China. Social networking in the country has turned more to information-seeking as opposed to information-sharing, as a result of Beijing's grip on regular news media. For example, microblog site Sina Weibo is rapidly snapping up Renren's friends. It says its total registered users hit 250m in September, up one-quarter in three months. User numbers at Renren — it claims to have 147m — grew by just one-tenth over that period. Yet another rival is Tencent's social network site Pengyou (meaning friend), which focuses on teenagers. It claims that its user numbers overtook Renren's in the first half of 2011 and are growing faster.

人人网在某些方面和Facebook很相像。该公司创始人、首席执行官陈一舟(Joseph Chen)最初也把用户群定位为大学生，希望他们未来成为对广告商最具吸引力的人群。但是，人人网面临着一些中国市场独有的问题。由于政府对一般新闻媒体进行管制，社交网络在中国更多地变成了查找信息、而不是分享信息的工具。例如，微型博客网站新浪微博(Sina Weibo)正在飞速抢走人人网的用户。新浪微博表示，去年9月其注册用户总数已达2.5亿，在三个月内增加了四分之一。人人网则表示用户数达到1.47亿，同期增幅仅为十分之一。人人网还有一个对手，那就是腾讯(Tencent)旗下的社交网站朋友网(Pengyou)，该网也把用户定位于年轻人。朋友网表示，2011年上半年其用户数已超过人人网，并且还在以更快的速度增长。

Competition is hurting Renren's ability to attract revenue. Although sales picked up by about half last year, Renren's users generated just 7 cents per month, compared with 41 cents at Facebook. And that revenue is expensive. Renren spends half of its revenues on sales and advertising, compared with one quarter at Facebook. To compensate, Renren has tried to diversify into group buying and video. The former remains fiercely competitive and Renren's efforts so far are lossmaking. Video requires expensive bandwidth. Investors caught up in the hype of Facebook should remember that Renren is a friend with differences.

竞争削弱了人人网的创收能力。尽管去年销售额增加了约五成，但人人网用户每个月贡献的收入仅占7%（而Facebook达到41%）。而且，这一收入成本高昂。人人网在销售和广告上的支出是营收的一半，而Facebook只有四分之一。作为补救措施，人人网开始尝试多元化经营，增加了团购和视频业务。团购领域竞争仍十分激烈，而人人网团购业务迄今仍在亏损。视频业务则需要价格昂贵的带宽。沉迷于Facebook上市宣传的投资者应当记住，人人网可是一个不一样的“朋友”。

之之

A major ingredient to taking the pain out of a stressful day at work is a supportive partner at home, a new study has confirmed.

一项新研究证实，家有贤内助确实能较大地减轻工作压力带来的焦虑和疲惫。

It may not seem like a groundbreaking conclusion but the study, from Florida State University, is the first to quantify the effects that a sympathetic ear can have at home and at work.

这看起来也许并不是什么开创性的研究结果，不过佛罗里达州立大学的这一研究却是首次将怀着同情心倾听在家庭中和职场中的作用进行量化。

Professor Wayne Hochwarter, author of the study, found that highly stressed employees had a 25 percent higher level of concentration levels if they had a harmonious home life.

该研究的作者韦恩•霍赫瓦特教授发现，在高压下工作的员工如果家庭生活和谐的话，注意力水平比其他人高出25%。

They were also 33 percent more likely to have positive relationships with colleagues, and a 20 percent higher level of job satisfaction.

此外，这些人和同事保持良好关系的可能性要高出33%，工作满意度也要高出20%。

Previous studies have linked work—related stress to a range of mental and physical illnesses, such as depression and obesity.

先前的研究曾将工作压力和一系列精神和身体疾病联系起来，包括抑郁症和肥胖症。

But this study shows how stress can be a vicious circle — adversely affecting the way employees perform at work, which can lead to even more workplace stress.

不过本研究显示，压力也可以造成恶性循环——对员工的工作表现产生负面影响，从而带来更多的工作压力。

Professor Hochwarter said the mental and physical wellbeing of employees were at risk if they came to work still stressed from the day before.

霍赫瓦特教授说，如果员工开始一天的工作时仍受到前一天压力的困扰，那么他的精神和身体健康就会受到危害。

He said: "When you're still angry or upset from yesterday's stress, your workday will likely go in only one direction — down."

他说：“如果你依然因为昨天的压力而感到恼怒或心烦，你这天的工作表现只会向一个方向发展——直线下降。”

And there were obvious benefits at home as well. Professor Hochwarter's paper said employees with strong home support were 25 percent less likely to suffer from after—work fatigue.

家庭对减轻工作压力则有显著的效果。霍赫瓦特教授的论文称，拥有强大的家庭支持的员工下班时感到疲惫的可能性比其他人低25%。

Having an awareness of a partner's daily work demands — such as deadlines, a lack of adequate resources and bad bosses — could ensure that couples always communicated, and a partner could see when their loved one was underplaying or exaggerating a problem.

了解伴侣日常工作上的一些要求——例如任务完成的最后期限、缺少足够的资源以及苛刻的上司——可以保证伴侣之间保持沟通顺畅，而且其中一方可以看出自己的爱人是对问题轻描淡写还是在夸大问题。

The ability to bring a partner back to the middle — building them up when they feel down in the dumps, or talking them down when they are overly agitated — also played a crucial role.

让伴侣恢复平和心态的能力——在伴侣情绪低落时帮助其建立信心，或在伴侣过度激动时让其冷静下来——也发挥着关键的作用。

之之

According to the Annual Report on the Chinese Rule of Law, 2012, a bluebook jointly launched by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Social Sciences Academic Press, almost 40 percent of Chinese officials find "nakedness," or putting their family members and finances abroad, acceptable, China.org.cn reported.

中国社会科学院、社会科学文献出版社日前联合发布了2012年《法治蓝皮书》。据中国网报道，蓝皮书调查显示，近乎近四成公职人员认可当“裸官”，即家庭人员和财产均在海外。

According to the bluebook's findings, the spouses and children of highly-ranked officials are more likely to be granted foreign citizenship or permanent residence, a phenomenon which is likely to jeopardize the government's decision making on the grounds of confidentiality, according to the bluebook's conclusions.

蓝皮书认为，高层官员的配偶和子女更有可能获得外国国籍或永久居住权。因为涉及保密因素，这种“裸官”现象会妨碍政府的政策制定。

Recommendations published in the bluebook state that increased supervision of high-level officials, including implementing necessary legal measures, could curb the phenomenon.

蓝皮书提出建议，要加强对“裸官”的监管，包括以必要的法律手段来控制这种现象。

The bluebook also found that public opinion demands greater transparency with regard to government expenditure on entertaining guests.

蓝皮书还显示，公众要求政府应给公务宴请费用更高的透明度。

In terms of government transparency, Beijing's municipal government tops the list, followed by Tianjin and Jiangsu. The Ministry of Commerce has been hailed as the most transparent ministry in the State Council.

政府透明度北京居首；另外，天津市、江苏省分列第二、三位。商务部居国务院各部委之首。

之之

A potentially costly dispute over the name of the iPad computer tablet may not be the only trademark problem facing Apple Incorporated in China. The China Daily newspaper reports Monday that at least 39 Chinese companies and individuals have attempted to register the names iPhone or iPad as trademarks for products as varied as hiking shoes, veterinary drugs and diapers. The newspaper says six manufacturers, including a flashlight manufacturer, got as far as preliminary approval before their applications were challenged.

由平板电脑iPad名称引发的争端可能给在中国的苹果公司带来潜在的巨大损失，但这可能不是苹果公司唯一的在华商标问题。据《中国日报》星期一报道，至少有39家中国公司和个人已经试图给“iPhone”和“ iPad”这些名称注册商标，产品涉及登山鞋、兽医药品和尿布等。《中国日报》说，包括一家手电筒生产商在内的六家制造业者已经得到初步批准，但它们的申请后来受到质疑。

The disclosure comes as a dispute over the iPad name has led authorities in several cities to seize the hand-held computers from Chinese retailers, threatening iPad sales in the world's largest computer market and, potentially, Apple's ability to export the tablets from the country where they are made.

这一消息被披露时，有关iPad名称的争端让数个中国城市当局从零售商那里没收这种手持电脑。这给 iPad在世界最大的电脑市场的销售带来威胁，并有可能威胁苹果公司从这种平板电脑的生产国对外出口iPad的能力。

之之

Mother: I left two pieces of cake in the cupboard this morning, Johnny, and now there is only one piece left. Can you explain that?

Johnny: Well, I suppose it was so dark that I didn't notice the other.

妈妈： 约翰尼，我今天早上在橱子里放了两块点心。现在就剩下一块了。你能解释一下吗？

约翰尼： 嗯，我想是因为里面太黑我没看到另外那块。

之之

Teacher: Tom, why are you late for school every day?

Tom: Every time I come to the corner, a sign says, School-Go Slow.

老师： 汤姆，您为什么每天上学迟到？

汤姆： 我每次路过拐角，一个路标上面写着：学校——慢行。

之之

1. Be Productive

1. 工作高效

Surprising your manager with peakproductivityis a surefireway to impress and prove you are a valuableassetto the company. If you feel your productivity slipping, take strides to step up your game and increase your daily and weekly output.

向老板展示你超高的工作效率绝对是惊艳老板、向其证明你是公司的宝贵财富的好方法。如果你觉得工作效率在下降，那就要尽快赶上大部队，并提高你的日产出量和周产出量。

2. Speak up

2. 及时沟通

Talk to your direct manager, teammates, and HR when you have questions, ideas, or concerns. Everyone appreciates clear communication and brainstorming, and the healthiest way to get support is to ask for it.

如果你遇到问题、有了新想法或者打算，你就应该及时和你的老板、合作伙伴、还有人事经理沟通交流。所有人都喜欢真诚的交流和集思广益，而且这也是得到别人支持的好方法。

3. Follow through

3. 坚持到底

If you said you would do something or were assigned to do something, do it. It's quite simple, really.

如果你承诺要做某事，或者你被安排完成某项任务，那你就去做。这个道理很简单，没什么好说的。

4. Be Honest

4. 诚实坦率

Lying never helps anyone grow. Be honest about your efforts, workload, skills, and needs. Your boss will appreciate your frankness. She may even be able to help you.

撒谎永远不可能助你进步。诚实对待你的努力、你的工作、你的技能和你的需求。老板会欣赏你的坦率，甚至还可能助你一臂之力。

5. Be a Team Player

5. 团队合作

It's crucialto speak up for yourself, but don't excludeyourself from your department or unit. Work with your co-workers to meet your common goal.

脱颖而出很重要，但也不要忘了你是团队的一员，你要和同事合作才能完成你们的共同目标。

6. Show Gratitude

6. 学会感恩

Everyone loves feeling loved. You welcome feedback, rewards, and recognitionfrom your boss, and she will do the same. When she sneaksyou a small gift, compliment, or helpful tip, thank her in person, in an email, or in a handwritten note. Illustratinghow much her effort means to you will encourage her to keep the gratitudecoming.

每个人都喜欢被爱的感觉。你希望从老板那里得到反馈、表扬和认可，老板也是一样。当老板给你送了个小礼物，或是对你赞扬了一番，又或者给你帮了把手，记住要感谢老板，无论你是当面感谢也好，还是通过邮件或者手写的小卡片也好，表达你对老板的感谢之情会让老板也备受鼓舞。相对地，她也会感谢你。

7. Have a Healthy Work-Life Balance

7. 平衡工作与生活

Your boss expects you to work diligentlyand be productive, but she doesn't expect you to live for work. Maintaining a healthy work-life balance will make you a happier person at home and at work. Everyone wins.

老板当然希望你工作认真又高效，但是，老板不希望你只会工作。平衡好工作与生活的关系会让你在家在单位都感到更快乐。这就是共赢。

之之

TODAY women earn almost 60 percent of all bachelor's degrees and more than half of master's and Ph.D.'s. Many people believe that, while this may be good for women as income earners, it bodes ill for their marital prospects.

如今几乎60%的学士学位、超过一半的硕士和博士学位是由女性获得的。很多人相信尽管这也许能帮助女性多赚取些收入，但对他们的婚姻前景却不妙。

As Kate Bolick wrote in a much-discussed article in The Atlantic last fall, American women face "a radically shrinking pool of what are traditionally considered to be 'marriageable' men — those who are better educated and earn more than they do." Educated women worry that they are scaring away potential partners, and pundits claim that those who do marry will end up with unsatisfactory matches. They point to outdated studies suggesting that women with higher earnings than their husbands do more housework to compensate for the threat to their mates' egos, and that men who earn less than their wives are more likely to experience erectile dysfunction.

正如凯特·鲍力克去年秋季发表在《大西洋月刊》上一篇广为讨论的文章中写道的那样，美国女性“正面临着传统上适婚男性急剧减少的状况。这些男性受到的教育良好，而且赚得也多。受过良好教育的女性担心他们会让潜在的伴侣望而却步，专家声称最终那些结婚的人婚姻都不尽人意。他们暗示过去的研究显示 收入比丈夫高的女性做的家务多，这样可以弥补对男性伴侣自尊的威胁，而且收入比妻子地低的男性更有可能患勃起功能障碍。

Is this really the fate facing educated heterosexual women: either no marriage at all or a marriage with more housework and less sex? Nonsense. That may have been the case in the past, but no longer. For a woman seeking a satisfying relationship as well as a secure economic future, there has never been a better time to be or become highly educated.

要么不碰婚姻，要么就是婚后家务不断、且鲜有性生活，女异性恋者的命运就该如此吗？胡扯。过去也许是这样，现在变了。女性想要有个满意的伴侣和稳定的经济未来，没有比提高教育水平更好了。

For more than a century, women often were forced to choose between an education and a husband. Of women who graduated from college before 1900, more than three-quarters remained single. As late as 1950, one-third of white female college graduates ages 55 to 59 had never married, compared with only 7 percent of their counterparts without college degrees.

一个多世纪以来，女性通常不得不在教育和丈夫之间做出选择。1900年前，女大学生中超过3/4 的人单身。1950年时，年龄在55至59之间的有1/3拥有大学学历的白人女性从未嫁人，相比没有大学学历的对照组，这一比例仅占7%。。

Some of these women chose to stay single, of course, and that choice has always been easier and more rewarding for educated women. But the low marriage rates of educated women in the past were also because of the romantic and sexual prejudices of men. One physician explained the problem in Popular Science Monthly in 1905: An educated woman developed a "self-assertive, independent character" that made it "impossible to love, honor and obey" as a real wife should. He warned that as more middle-class women attended college, middle-class men would look to the lower classes to find uneducated wives.

其中有些女性选择单身，当然，这个选择对受过良好教育的女性是容易做的、也是值得的。但是过去受过良好教育的女性结婚率低也是由于男性的浪漫和性别偏见。一位内科医生在1905年的《大众科学期刊》上这样解释这个问题：受过良好教育的女性形成了“自信、独立的品质”，这样她们就没有了现实生活中妻子应有的热爱、尊重和服从的性格。他警告到：越来越多的中产阶级女性去念大学后，中产阶级男性将向更低的阶级去寻找那些没受过教育的人做老婆。

That is exactly what happened in the mid-20th century. From 1940 to the mid-1970s, the tendency for men to marry down educationally became more pronounced and the cultural ideal of hypergamy — that women must marry up — became more insistent.

20世纪中叶的情况就是如此。从1940年至20世纪70年代，男性娶的女性受教育的水平没自己高的现象比较普遍，高攀（女性嫁给比自己好的男性）的文化理想也是一贯坚持的。

Postwar dating manuals advised women to "play dumb" to catch a man — and 40 percent of college women in one survey said they actually did so. As one guidebook put it: "Warning! ... Be careful not to seem smarter than your man." If you hide your intelligence, another promised, "you'll soon become the little woman to be pooh-poohed, patronized and wed."

二战后的约会指南建议女性，要抓住男人的心，女人得“装傻充愣”，在一份调查中，40%的大学女性称他们就是这样做的。一本手册如此建议：“当心！...... 别让自己看上去比你的男人聪明。” 如果能隐藏你的智慧，“很快你就会变成小女人，被男人怜爱和保护，并步入婚姻。”

Insulting as it may have been, such advice was largely sound. Studying national surveys on mate preferences, David M. Buss, a psychologist at the University of Texas, and his colleagues found that in 1956, education and intelligence were together ranked 11th among the things men sought in a mate. Much more important to them was finding a good cook and housekeeper who was refined, neat and had a pleasing disposition. By 1967, education and intelligence had moved up only one place, to No. 10, on men's wish lists.

尽管听起来不太顺耳，这些建议大体上还是正确的。研究全国的择偶喜好调查之后，得克萨斯大学的心理学家戴维·布斯和他的同事发现，1956年时，在男性寻求伴侣的品质中，教育和智力并列排名第11位。他们更想找的是找个好厨师和家庭主妇，她得待人礼貌、举止高雅、心情开朗。 1967年时，男士的意向榜单上，教育和智力支上升了1位，排到第10位。

Men in the postwar period were threatened by the thought of a woman with more or even as much education as they had. One man who taught at a women's college in the 1950s told me his colleagues used to joke that once they knew a woman had earned a Ph.D., they didn't even need to ask what she had specialized in: clearly, it was in "Putting Hubby Down."

二战后，一想到有个女人的受到的教育比自己多，甚至一样多，男人就会觉得受到威胁了。20世纪50年代曾经在女子学院任教的一位男士告诉我说，知道一个女性有了博士学位之后，他们甚至不会问她从事什么专业研究，就开玩笑地说专业是“把相公比下去。”

But over the past 30 years, these prejudices have largely disappeared. By 1996, intelligence and education had moved up to No. 5 on men's ranking of desirable qualities in a mate. The desire for a good cook and housekeeper had dropped to 14th place, near the bottom of the 18-point scale. The sociologist Christine B. Whelan reports that by 2008, men's interest in a woman's education and intelligence had risen to No. 4, just after mutual attraction, dependable character and emotional stability.

30多年过去了，这些偏见大部分已经不复存在了。1996年时，智力和教育状况已经上升到男人寻求伴侣理想的品质排名的第5 位。找一位厨师和家庭主妇已经降到第14位，接近一共18个排名的底部了。社会学家克里斯汀·威尔兰（Christine B. Whelan）称，2008年时男性对女性的教育和智力状况的兴趣已经上升到第4位了，仅次于彼此的吸引、可靠的品质和稳定的情感。

The result has been a historic reversal of what the economist Elaina Rose calls the "success" penalty for educated women. By 2008, the percentage of college-educated white women ages 55 to 59 who had never been married was down to 9 percent, just 3 points higher than their counterparts without college degrees. And among women 35 to 39, there was no longer any difference in the percentage who were married.

这个结果是对经济学家埃莱纳·罗斯称为受过良好教育女性的“成功”惩罚的历史性颠覆。截止到2008年，55岁至59岁的始终未婚的受过大学教育的白人女性比率已经下降到9%，只比没有大学学位的白人女性高3个点。而且，对于35岁至39岁的女性来说，有没有受过大学教育不再有区别。